Europe is in charge of the world

Europe is in charge of the world

 Thirty-two points that support this assertion:

1. The age of metals.

Although since several millennia before Christ, there were some ancient civilizations of the world, like Mesopotamia and Egypt, that were the first ones to use copper, bronze (an alloy of copper and tin) and iron, it was in Europe where these techniques or industries were refined, and then exported to other continents.

2. Greece.

This civilization was a dominant and expansionist one during some centuries. It laid the foundations of philosophy, democracy, science, technology, humanities, the arts, civics, ethics, haute cuisine, the alphabet, et cetera, for the Western world.

Greek culture was influenced by Syrians, Hittites, Assyrians, Sumerians, Egyptians, Phoenicians ...

Greece is the country that has left the deepest and most indelible mark in the history of mankind. It is the birthplace of Western civilization.

Different ethnicities shaped Hellas: the Aegean (Cycladic, Minoan-Cretan and Mycenaean), Achaeans, Spartans, Dorians, Pelasgians, Ionians, Aeolians (Thessalians, Boeotians ...), Athenians, Macedonians, Corinthian, Greeks ...

Greece was important in the generation and the process of the formation of original ideas, concepts, hypotheses, theories, and scientific laws or principles...

Furthermore, due to its then privileged geographical location between the Middle East (Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, et cetera) and what is now Western Europe, Greece was important in the adoption, adaptation and transfer of procedures, inventions, systems, industries, commerce, war...

Greece, a region not suitable for a large agricultural production due to its rugged topography with small valleys, was forced to import food. The Greek cities were dedicated to industries: manufactured pottery, textiles, weapons, to exchange for grain and other agricultural products. What they did cultivate were vines and olive trees, and also gave added value to this production: they processed it to make wine and olive oil, respectively, which could be stored for months and even years.

In 168 B.C. King Perseus of Macedonia was defeated and the Roman legions penetrated throughout Greece. In 146 B.C., the Roman Republic won the battle of Corinth to the Greek state of the same name and its allies in the Achaean League, and totally destroyed that city-port. Then began a new era in Greek territory, the so-called Roman Greece.

Greeks civilized their conquerors, the Romans.

The Greek alphabet, developed from a Phoenician consonantal cuneiform alphabet, is the first complete alphabet of history, id est, each character or written symbol represents practically a vowel or consonant sound. Even today, technical neologisms from Greek language are created and used in sciences, such as mathematics, medicine, physics, logic, computer science, and so on.

An elitist secret university society in the United States, created on the 5th day of December, 1776 by a group of young students from the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, founded in 1693 by that name in honour of the then joint sovereigns of Great Britain, the spouses William III and Mary II of Stuart, meeting at the Apollo Room of the Raleigh Tavern, in Williamsburg, has 280 chapters, and it is called Phi Beta Kappa, ΦΒΚ, three Greek letters mean Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης id est, Philosophia Biou Kubernetes, "The love of learning is the guide of life."

Origin of the name Europe

In Greek mythology, Europe was a Phoenician princess who was abducted by the god Zeus in the form of white bull, who took her swimming to the island of Crete, where he raped her under a banana tree. She had three sons, Minos, Rhadamanthus and Sarpedon. A Cretan king, Asterion, married Europe and adopted her children.

For Homer, Europe (Greek: Εὐρώπη) was a mythological queen of Crete, not a geographical name.

Later the mainland Greek –not the islands–  was called Europe, and around 500  B.C., this name had spread to land further north. Then westward, and eventually became the name of an entire continent.

A small sample of illustrious Greeks : rulers: Pericles,* Alexander the Great; philosophers: Protagoras,* Heraclitus,** Democritus, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle; scientists: Pythagoras, Eratosthenes, who said that the Earth is a sphere, Aristarchus of Samos , the first scientist, as far as we know, that proposed the heliocentric model for the Solar System; the great Archimedes; poets: Hesiod, Sophocles; playwright, Aristophanes; sculptor, painter and architect: Phidias; historians: Homer and Thucydides.

Now, two of the most important Greek philosphers were Socrates and Plato. About Plato. Socrates left nothing written, but his disciple, Plato, wrote several books.

Please let me tell you, if you buy the book, I will be receiving a small commission from Amazon [dot] com:

9780872203495

Plato, on the left.

* Protagoras, a Greek sophist (485 B.C.-411 B.C.), was the first to establish public and compulsory education –that great institution aimed at reducing socioeconomic differences– for a colony called Turios, in drafting the Constitution for that place, even it was on the orders of the ruler Pericles, champion of democracy.

One of the most famous quotes of Protagoras is: "Man is the measure of all things."

** Heraclitus of Ephesus, Greek philosopher (535 B.C.-c. 484 B.C.),

One of the most famous heraclitean phrases is:

"In the same rivers we both step into and do not step into, [because] we both are and are not [the same]", which has been distorted as: "You can not step twice into the same river."

The philosophy professor José Antonio García Junceda (Madrid, 1929-ibidem, 1986) explains in an article published in the journal cited below, about Heraclitus:

One and many: The dialectic of opposites in Heraclitus

Anales del seminario de historia de la filosofía (Proceedings of the seminar of history of philosophy), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, ISSN 0211-2337, Issue 4, 1984, pages 29-44 [from pages 30 and 31, I have copied the following paragraphs]:

"... Indeed, the opposites are not a discovery of Heraclitus's philosophy; before him, Milesians and, above all, the Pythagoreans, conceived opposites in their opposing and in their individualized permanence facing each other, however, always from a static conception. It was Heraclitus who provided the radically new idea of ​​the dialectic of opposites.

"In the Heraclitean future, it is not about, although sometimes can be so interpreted, the transmutation of a unique particular reality in another also unique, but the transition from one form to another –transit that does not entail the annulment of opposites but their conflictive coexistence.

"The opposition and the union of opposites is what constitutes the perpetual motion, is the union of opposites conflict which sets the future and not, as Axelos thought, the future who moves them. In the fragment 8 is clear that what is opposed, which tends to remain united conflictively handsome senses and therefore ephemeral, but to the extent that this binding occurs arises ephemeral harmony born of contradiction.

"The opposition of opposites was understood differently by Heraclitus and I would say that your analysis is the most superficial to deep, although it should be noted, as Calogero did, Heraclitus did not explicitly distinguish between opposite (white-black) and contradictory (white-nonwhite), which is not to say that his doctrine of opposites does not end in a dialectical contrariety that make the being faces the nonbeing.

"He left from an elementary observation that revealed an obvious contradiction: the same thing can be good or bad, healthy or unhealthy regarding various subjects. It is the subject of fragment 61 and fragments 9, 13, 37, et cetera.

"He continued highlighting a subjective, axiological contradiction, according to which each requires an equivalent value. It is the subject of the fragments 58 and 111. This axiological relativity is uniquely human because, as he says in the fragment 102, "For the divinity, indeed, everything is good, beautiful and fair but men believe some things are unfair, and others, fair." Perhaps we could conclude that for the divinity, that it would be like saying for the being in itself, there is no contradiction.

"But that subjective, axiological contradiction, which only occurs in man is not capricious, but has a basis in re, because values ​​have an objective reality. It is what he says in fragment 23: "they would not know the name of justice, if such things (the unfair) did not exist."

"However, the analysis of Heraclitus went further. Against both forms of contradiction, he considered that any element or constitutive of reality occurs only because the opposite aspect or constitutive ceases, and of course, vice versa. This is exactly what he says in the fragment 126, including the adverb vice versa: "What is cold, becomes hot; what is hot [becomes], cold; the wet, dry; and the dry, wet." In this sense we must understand the fragment 88: "The same thing are the living and the dead, awake and asleep, young and old, for these ones, when change, are those ones, and those ones, when in their turn change, are these ones." This being both the same and the opposite successively is what constitutes the heraclitean future, and in this sense we must read the other fragments that cover the matter, even the most obscure, such as 48, which takes the name as the thing to oppose, βιος-θάνατος [bios-thanatos, life-death] and it should be noted that this form of evolution embraces all Φυσις [physis, nature], which the immortals named in fragment 62 are not beyond from.

"But the deeper contradiction and that somehow encompasses all contradictions and all other forms of unity of opposites is established between the one and the many. And I say that the problem of this opposition slashing, if not fully expressed, the contrariety between the being and the nonbeing, as a dialectic form of reality, because, as Calogero used to say: "This mutual implication of opposites, each of which is, with its genesis and its death, condition of the death and the genesis of the other, can also be set as its identity or unity." 


–

French Baron Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937) was inspired by the ancient Greek Olympics, the oldest record is marked the summer solstice of the year 776 B.C., to promote and organize the Olympic Games of the modern era. The word Olympiad also means quadrennium, a four-year interval, or four years. Since the mentioned year, Greeks counted the time by Olympiads.

3. Rome.

The Roman Empire lasted 1,229 years as the Western Roman Empire (753 B.C.-476 A.D., and 2,206 years as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire (753 B.C.-1453 A.D.), and it was the longest running in history.

The Julian calendar, used for about 1,627 years.

In 45 B.C. the dictator Julius Caesar accepted the calculations made by the Greek astronomer and philosopher Sosigenes of Alexandria to reform the Roman calendar, which was out of phase by 80 days. Julius Caesar, who never received or used the title of emperor had entrusted that task to Sosigenes, and ordered the above-mentioned year had 445 days instead of 365. The years prior to this reform were known as "years of confusion". The Julian calendar, named after Julius Caesar, prevailed until Thursday October 4, 1582, and the next day Friday, the 15th day (that's right: fifteenth) of October, 1582, the Gregorian calendar took effect in Catholic countries, named that way in honour of Pope Gregory XIII (Ugo Buoncompagni), who ruled the Catholic Church from 1572 to 1585.

The Latin alphabet.

The Latin or Roman alphabet, based on the Greek alphabet, had 22 letters. It lacked: j, u, w, z.

Today, the international Latin order has 26 letters:

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z.

It is the most used in the world, known by more than 2,400 million (2.4 billion) people.

The Latin language or lingua latina.

Belonging to the family of Indo-European language, Latin is the mother tongue of all Romance languages ​​(exempli gratia, Spanish or Castilian, Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, Italian, French, Romanian, Romansch ...), it is the official language of the Vatican City State, or Holy See. It is also used in certain terminology in several disciplines: humanities, philology, law, linguistics, literature, religion, history, philosophy ... Scientific names in Linnaean taxonomy have been formed in Latin. For example, three species of fish called mojarra: Eucinostomus argenteus, or silver mojarra; Gerres oyena, or common mojarra, Diplodus vulgaris, or mojarra with two black bands, one behind the head and the other at the base of the tail.

Roman law

The Latin phrase Ius est ars boni et aequi, Law is the art of the good and the just (or fair), as Celsus filius (Celso, junior) (67-130 A.D.), who was one of the most influential Roman jurists and magistrates of the high classical era, summarizes the spirit of the Roman legacy in this discipline. Ius means: law, justice. Iustitia means: justice, fairness, law.

4. The wheel.

It seems that the wheel was invented in Mesopotamia circa 5000 B.C. Presumably, it was taken to Europe and western Asia in the IV millennium B.C. (4000 B.C.-3000 B.C.).

Europeans brought it to America in the fifteenth century, and taught how to use it.

5. Christianity.

While Jesus Christ, the Only Son of God, the Second Person of the Most Holy Trinity, lived and preached in Palestine –a region of Asia, East of the Mediterranean Sea– it was in Europe where Christianity spread quickly and consolidated. Paul of Tarsus and other apostles and early Christians travelled predominantly westward.

The Europeans were given the task to evangelize, to spread Christianity in much of the pagan world.

Most popes or Roman pontiffs (Romanorum Pontificum, singular: Romanorus Pontifex) have been European ones.

6. The construction of large ships and navigation at sea.

In the Middle Ages, there were notable shipyards in Italy and Catalonia. Later, in the modern age  –which began in 1453– there were shipyards in many European countries.

Europeans dominated and improved the discipline and art of sailing on high seas. As a result, Europeans Christopher Columbus, the Pinzón brothers and crews of the three ships, the carrack Santa Maria, and the two caravels, Pinta and Niña, could reach the island of Guanahani or San Salvador, located in the archipelago of the Bahamas or Lucayan, on the 12th day of October, 1492.

Columbus died abandoned and bitter, in Valladolid, Spain, in 1506.

7. The use of horses with saddles equipped with stirrups.

Horses have always accompanied the armies of the great conquerors. The stirrup was probably invented by the Chinese, the Mongols used it in the expansion of their empire, in the thirteenth century. Europeans learned to use it later, and spread their use.

8. The superiority of firearms over spears, arrows, crossbows, et cetera.

For example, the harquebus, based on gunpowder.

9. The invention of the printing press and the divulgation of knowledge.

The printing press was invented by an European blacksmith and goldsmith circa 1439, the German Johannes Gutenberg, in Strasbourg (a French city today, but then part of the kingdom of Germania). Gutenberg, whose real family name was Gensfleisch, mysteriously called his invention Kunst und Aventur (Arts and Enterprise). In that city, perhaps he perfected and revealed his invention to two former partners.

There is a gap in the known biography of Gutenberg. In 1448 he returned to Mainz, Germany, formed a new company, now with the Jewish banker Johannes Fust, who lent him money, so he published in 1449 the Constance Missal, the world's first typographical book. In 1452, he began editing the 42-line Bible, and three years later was financially insolvent. In 1456, Fust and his nephew Peter Schöffer published the Gutenberg Bible.

He died bankrupt in Mainz, Germany, in 1468.

(A) Although some versions attribute to serendipity* the invention of the printing press, probably that was not the case.

* An unexpected and fortunate discovery that happens when you are looking for something else. Or: the faculty or phenomenon of finding valuable or agreeable things not sought for.

 (B) The science historian James Burke, author of The Day The Universe Changed, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, Toronto, 1985, has reported a legend that says that the idea of ​​ the printing press came to Gutenberg "like a ray of light."

http://www.citizendia.org/Johannes_Gutenberg # cite_ref-universe_7-0

(C) A third possibility is to support the assumption that Gutenberg, a clever blacksmith and goldsmith, was gradually developing an idea that, of course, he did not know what kind of results it was going to produce but –“the world belongs to the bold”– he carried out his plan. He used a screw press, applied in his time for pressing grapes, and thus facilitated the making of wine, and along with that screw press he used "movable types" of the letters of the alphabet, that he had built himself: wooden moulds filled with iron.

The printing press was used primarily to achieve faster production of one of the most powerful vehicles for the divulgation of knowledge: the book. Farewell to the copyists and scribes, good-bye to the pen or quill.

The knowledge-based economy and the expansion of the teaching-learning process to benefit the ignorant masses are still indebted to the bold printer Gutenberg.

–

Four giants, all of them Europeans, in the humanities, the sciences, the arts, philosophy, theology, education, research, divulgation of knowledge, et cetera:

The University of Bologna, Italy (Università di Bologna) was founded in 1088; the University of Oxford, England, founded perhaps circa 1096; la Université de Paris, was recognized by King Philippe II Auguste, Capet, in 1200, and by Pope Innocent III in 1215; the University of Salamanca, Spain was founded in 1134, received its Royal Charter of Foundation by King Alfonso IX of León in 1218, it was the first European institution to receive the formal title of "University" as such, it was granted by King Alfonso X of Castile in 1254, and recognized by Pope Alexander IV in 1255.

–

Another revolutionary in the education fields was also an European, like Protagoras and Pericles: the French priest and educator John Baptist de La Salle (1651-1719), who noted that teachers should devote themselves to the education of youth, especially the poorest.

Education would no longer be only for the rich or noble. Before La Salle, a preceptor instructed one, two or three brothers, sons of wealthy parents. Since the implementation of his model, education would be the task of a teacher lecturing to groups of children, whether parents could pay or not.

The major task of this saint was removing many young Frenchmen from the leisure, ignorance and laziness. His example was multiplied all over the world.

He was the first in founding teacher training centres, or normal schools; training schools for delinquents, technical schools; language, modern arts and sciences' high schools.

He founded the Order of the Brothers of the Christian Schools.

In Mexico, since 1918, Teachers' Day is celebrated on May 15, when making reminder of Querétaro’s capture, on Wednesday, May 15, 1867, when the Austrian emperor of Mexico, the Archduke Maximilian of Hapsburg, an European, surrendered and handed his sword to Republican General Mariano Escobedo, but as a pleasant coincidence, the 15th day of May, 1950, an European pope, Pius XII (Eugenio Pacelli), declared Saint John Baptist de La Salle –canonized in 1900–, universal patron of educators and special patron of all childhood educators.

In Colombia, another predominantly Catholic country, Teacher's Day is also celebrated on May 15.

10. European kingdoms and empires of Modern and Contemporary ages conquered, subjugated and plundered countries of Asia, Africa, America and Oceania.

11. Imposing one's own language in conquered territories.

"Language was always the companion of the empire” is a sentence by grammarian, humanist, historian and poet Antonio de Nebrija, author of a Gramática castellana (Castilian Grammar), in 1492, dedicated to Queen Isabella I of Castile. It was the first grammar of a vernacular language written in Europe.

1492 was also the year of the expulsion of the Jews from Spanish territories, by the Edict of Granada, issued by the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, on March 31, 1492. Besides, 1492 was also the year in which Admiral Christopher Columbus arrived at, or discovered, America.

Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, British, French, Belgian, Dutch... imposed their languages ​​in the invaded lands, as Romans did in their time, and as all of the invaders-conquerors have done.

However, this measure was useful to, in some way, culturally unify, by force, the various inhabitants of conquered territories.

12. Fra Luca Pacioli (1445-1517), an Italian mathematician and Franciscan friar, analyzed the accounting method called double-entry accounting system used by the merchants of Venice, in his book Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita (Venice, 1494).

In double-entry bookkeeping, which is the most used system in accounting, debit entries are recorded in the left side of the sheet, and credit values, in the right side of the sheet, in a general ledger. Ledger accounts are known as T accounts, because they remember that letter.

13. Cuisine, viticulture, and wine-growing.

Undoubtedly, Europeans have the supremacy in these fields. Olive oil, garlic, onion, salt, adding spices and herbs; red, white, and rosé wines, champagne, et cetera.

14. Philosophy. The greatest philosophers have been European. In ancient times, Greeks; in recent centuries, German, French, British, Spanish, Italian, and so on.

15. Science. The greatest scientists have been European.

16. Humanities. The greatest and best humanists have been European.

17. Inventions. Europe has been the birthplace of great inventors, especially Scotland.

18. Painting. The greatest painters have been European.

19. Writing. Europeans are at the top.

20. Music. The greatest musicians have been European in the three periods: baroque, 1600-1750; classic, 1750-1815, and romantic, 1815 to the early twentieth century.

21. The Industrial Revolution started in Europe, specifically in Great Britain, in 1712, when the blacksmith and inventor Thomas Newcomen and his partner Thomas Savery built a steam engine to pump water out of coal and tin mines.

22. Locomotives and railroads are European inventions, like the automobile and the radio. The first high-speed trains have been European.

23. The great genius of physics and electricity Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) was an European, like Italian engineer Antonio Meucci (1808-1889) the true inventor of the telephone, in 1871. Il inventore ufficiale del telefono.

24. The Federal Reserve System (the central bank of the United States of America), although apparently an American institution, is owned and controlled by European banks, according to some Internet sites, such as the powerful, discrete and influential bankers Rothschild of London and Berlin, Lazard Brothers of Paris, Israel Moses Seif of Italy, Kuhn, Loeb and Warburg of Germany...

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_controls_the_Federal_Reserve

Please just type in the Google search box, phrases like European banks own the Federal Reserve System, and Google will display links pointing in that direction.

25. Wernher von Braun (1912-1977) was an European, a German aerospace engineer hired by the NASA to design and build the Saturn V rocket, and put the man on the Moon. Apparently, in the entire United States of America there was not a scientist who could do that.

26. Companies such as Ericsson, Siemens, SAP (Systeme, Anwendungen und Produkte in der Datenverarbeitung; Systems, Applications and Products in Data Processing), BASF (Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik, Baden Aniline and Soda Factory), Hoffmann-La Roche Bayer, FNAC (Fédération Nationale d’Achats des Cadres, National Shopping Federation for Managers), Airbus SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée), et cetera, are European.

27. The CERN, Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucleaire, where the British scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented in 1990 no less than the now famous www, worldwide web, is very close to Geneva, Switzerland, in Europe.  The www… this scientist gave it all away for free to the world, only promoting its wider use.

28. A work made by CERN, the Large Hadron Collider, LHC, located underground, at 574 feet (175 meters) deep, on the border of France and Switzerland, near Geneva, has a circumference of 17 miles (27 kilometers), and among other things is an ultra freezer, for the temperature drops to near absolute zero, at 1.9 K (one dot nine degrees Kelvin). Its ideation, planning, financing and manufacturing, are primarily European. It was built from 1998 to 2008, and cost about 6,400 million dollars (6.4 billions).

29. The world's best watches are manufactured in Switzerland, and in Europe in general.

30. "We Europeans are back from everything", is a cliché... a real one.

31. The neo-paganism or modern paganism, and a godless Christmas are European phenomena. Catholic and Christian faiths fade in Europe.

During the French Revolution, the 10th day of November, 1793, the Goddess of Reason was proclaimed by the French Convention at the suggestion of an atheist revolutionary, Chaumette Pierre, and Madame Sophie Momoro, impersonating the goddess, climbed up to the main altar of the Parisian Cathedral of Notre Dame.

Today, in the twenty-first century, before tenets of Christianity as turning the other cheek:

Evangelium secundum Matthaeum, V, 38-39. –38 Audistis quia dictum est: "Oculum pro oculo et dentem pro dente". 39 Ego autem dico vobis: Non resistere malo; sed si quis te percusserit in dextera maxilla tua, praebe illi et alteram;

and applying the Golden Rule:

Evangelium secundum Matthaeum, VII, 12.  –12 Omnia ergo, quaecumque vultis ut faciant vobis homines, ita et vos facite eis; haec est enim Lex et Prophetae.

In Europe and in most parts of the world prevails the socioeconomic Darwinism outright, although people circumvent that the Christian premises should be put in perspective of a future life of eternal salvation.

"Extinction is the rule, survival is the exception," a phrase from an American, Carl Sagan (1934-1996).

32. The respect to non-smokers has arrived from Europe. Strict regulations and standards regarding the places where you can, and where cannot, smoke, began to be written in Europe, and also their implementation.

–

BUT

The following programs / systems / enterprises / individuals are American:

(A) The software dBASE III Plus, created by Ashton-Tate, Torrance, California (1985-1987), Clipper C, C+, C++, PHP, MySQL, Apache, Oracle, Flash, Adobe Acrobat Reader, Windows, Android, iOS and so forth.

(B) John George Kemeny (Budapest, 05/31/1926-New Hampshire, 12/26/1992) a Hungarian-American mathematician, computer scientist and educator, and Thomas Eugene Kurtz (22/02/1928-), an American computer scientist. They developed the BASIC programming language (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), and authored the book Basic Programming (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1971).

(C) The fathers of the ARPANet*/Internet: Leonard Kleinrock (1934 - ), Vinton Cerf (1943- ), Robert E. Kahn (1938 - ); and others: J.C.R. Licklider (1915-1990), Robert Taylor (1932- ), Ray Tomlinson (1941- ), who invented the Internet-based e-mail  in late 1971.

*Advanced Research Projects Agency Network.

(D) Dennis C. Hayes (1950- ), who invented the PC modem in 1977.

(E) Mitch Kapor (1950- ), founder of the Lotus Development Corporation.

(F) File Transfer Protocol (FTP), TCP / IP, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), Mosaic, Gopher, Apache, Bulletin Board System (BBS), Majordomo, Eudora, Mozilla Firefox, Safari ... folksonomy, cloud computing, crowdsourcing or distributed open collaboration; crowdfunding or collective financing.

(G) Marc Andreessen (1971- ) and James H. Clark (1944- ), creators / founders of the Netscape Browser, and developers of Secure Sockets Layer Protocol (SSL), which is still widely used today.

(H) An enterprise called Cray, Incorporated, which makes and sells supercomputers.

(I) Several U.S. corporate giants such as IBM (International Business Machines), Microsoft, Oracle Corporation, Apple, Google, and Facebook.

The future of the Internet depends largely on what they decide to do or not to do.

Will the “centre of gravity” of the world's control move soon from Europe to the United States of America, according to the "specific weight" of the big players? Or has it already changed, but the move has been so subtle that some individuals have not noticed it?

Or, given that the infosphere, the internetsphere, the websphere, and the cloud seem to be nowhere and everywhere at the same time, which way did / has / will the "centre of gravity" go / gone / go? Well, do not forget that the infosphere is supported by computing servers. So the question may be, where are the most important or the largest servers?, are they located in Europe or in the United States of America?, which servers have the highest "specific weight"?

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"Last paragraphs": about bullfighting

I dwell in the north of the city of Guadalajara, Jalisco, three blocks from a bullfight ring, the Plaza de Toros Nuevo Progreso. I am not a big fan of bullfighting, but I have attended some bullfights or corridas. Bullfighting is an art that came to America from Europe, where he was allegedly created. In Crete, or in ancient Rome, or Spain, or...

Édouard Manet (1832-1883), a French painter, captured beautiful scenes of bullfighting in oil paintings.

Georges Bizet, a French composer (1838-1875) created the opera Carmen, in four acts, set in a tauromachical milieu in Seville; the main character is a gypsy called Carmen. His biggest success has been obtained after Bizet's untimely death. This opera is based on the novel Carmen, by the French writer Prosper Merimée (1803-1870).

The American writer Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) was fascinated with Spain, with Spanish food and bullfighting. He travelled several times to the country, for example, at the San Fermin festival in Pamplona, Navarre, on July 7, 1925.

It will be hard for anti-bullfighting people to see bullfighting banned in southern France, central and southern Spain, and some Latin American countries. There are many interests, primarily economic ones… breweries, liquor distilleries, banks, businesses, politicians, authorities, matadors, cattlemen, influential, wealthy, powerful people, television channel owners, some prelates...

Oooooooole!

–

This item has been not completed yet; a few weeks ago I lost the original manuscript (cellulose) that I had written years ago. If I find it one day, then I will expand this writing. Saturday, 02/23/2013.