What do they have in common...?

1. Leonese Captain Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, called Guzmán The Goodman (in Spanish, Guzmán el Bueno) (1256-1309) and Madrilenian Colonel Jose Moscardó-Ituarte (1878-1956)?

They both were Spanish, and preferred that their enemies killed their respective sons rather than surrender.

In 1293, King Sancho IV of Castile and Leon, of the House of Burgundy, commissioned Guzmán el Bueno to defend the port city of Tarifa, on the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula. The infant rebel Don Juan, king's brother, ally with benimerines and nazaries (from Morocco), had seized a son of Guzman el Bueno and threatened to cut his throat if Guzmán did not surrender. The brave father, before not keeping his word and loyalty to his sovereign, threw his knife to the murderer so this one could fulfill his threat.

During the Spanish Civil War, on Thursday 07/23/1936, Colonel Jose Moscardó-Ituarte, who with the companion of about 1,100 armed men had taken possession of the Alcázar of Toledo (Toledo Fortress) two days earlier, answered a telephone call from the representative of the Frente Popular (Popular Front), and chief in Toledo of the Izquierda Republicana (Republican Left), Cándido Cabello, who informed him that he held prisoner Moscardó’s son, Luis Moscardó, and would shoot him if Colonel Moscardó did not surrender the Alcázar, within ten minutes. Moscardó, after a brief telephone conversation with his son, replied Cabello: "You can save yourself the time, because I will never surrender the Alcazar".

Cabello, seeing that the threats did not work out, sent the teenager Luis Moscardó to the Provincial Prison. A month later he was shot along with others imprisoned.

2. René Guillouzo, mayor from 1848 to 1870 of the port city of Saint-Nazaire, in the department of Loire-Atlantique, France, and the LOCOG, London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games [XXX Summer Olympics Games, London 2012]?

They display the wrong flags.

Mexican Empress Carlota* (1840-1927) [Marie Charlotte Amélie Augustine Victorie Clémentine Léopoldine de Belgique, princesse de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha et impératrice du Mexique de 1864 à 1867], daughter of Leopold I of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, first king of Belgium from 1831 to 1865, and Queen Consort Princess Louise Marie of France, of the House of Orleans, travelled to the Mexican port of Veracruz on July 13, 1866 to go on board the “Impératrice Eugenie” ship to sail to France, and then go to Paris to ask for help from the French emperor Napoleon III Bonaparte, and later to the Vatican in the Papal States, to speak to Pope Pius IX (Giovanni Mastai Ferretti), due to the serious problems the civil war or War of Reform was causing to her husband, Mexican Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg, and Mexican conservative aristocrats or notables.

* Wife of Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph Maria of Austria, emperor of Mexico from 1864 to 1867, of the House of Habsburg (1832-1867) [Erzherzog Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph Maria von Österreich, Kaiser von Mexiko von 1864 bis 1867, aus dem Haus Habsburg].

When docking the ship in the port of Saint-Nazaire, the mayor René Guillouzo, perhaps disoriented, accompanied by his City Council, did not had a Mexican flag, so he picked up a Peruvian flag and made one of his subordinates wave it to welcome to Mexican Empress Carlota and her small entourage.

This incident probably caused a disagreeable impression on the fragile mind of Carlota.

The XXX Summer Olympic Games London 2012 were held in London (capital of England and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), from Wednesday, July 25 to Sunday August 12, 2012, although the opening ceremony and inaugural parade were on Friday July 27, 2012.

During the women's soccer tournament, on the first day, July 25, the flag of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) was shown by mistake in the large electronic display at Hampden Park in Glasgow, Scotland, before 20,150 spectators, instead of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s (North Korea’s) flag. The North Korean eleven-soccer-footballer team left the grass field as a protest when they saw that the flag that had been displayed was the South Korea’s rather than their country’s.

The furious players refused to warm up while the wrong flag was displayed on the screen next to images of each of the athletes.

The start of the match between North Korea and Colombia was delayed for more than an hour. The game began after a correction of the error was made. The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games (LOCOG) had apologized for the blunder and said they would make their best efforts in order to prevent the mishap might be repeated.

North Korea beat Colombia 2-0 with two goals of forward Kim Song-Hui at 39’ and 85’.

However, the Organising Committee's statement had to be reissued and cast again, because they did not utilized the official titles of the nations –-as the ones used by the International Olympic Committee, IOC,, which are: "Republic of Korea" (for South Korea) and "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (for North Korea).

3. Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) and the Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva y Codorníu (1895-1936)?

They both were inventors and had to build many prototypes to improve their inventions.

Edison obtained 2,332 patents, 1,093 of them in the United States of America, and 1,239 in other countries such as the United Kingdom, France, Germany… Among other inventions seemingly of his own, * highlight the ticker for reporting stock quotes in Stock Exchanges, a mechanical vote recorder, electric car battery, phonograph, and several inventions related to the film industry.

* Apparently of his own, perhaps, because there are still many criticism toward Edison, in books and on the Internet, accusing him of being a copycat of the genuine works of inventors and plagiarist or thief of ideas and/or inventions.

About the alleged invention of the light bulb or incandescent lamp by Thomas Alva Edison:

Years 1879 and 1880.

Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) did not invent the light bulb, but introduced to the market the first practical and commercially successful light bulb.

Some background and data about this invention were:

Alessandro Volta made a "bright wire" in 1800.

In 1806, Englishman Humphrey Davy showed to the Royal Society an "arc lamp" light, a blinding electric spark produced between two carbon rods and light like a welding torch, but it was too bright for use in homes or offices and also consumed a tremendous amount of power, so the batteries that powered the demonstration model of Davy were quickly exhausted.

In July 1835, Scottish inventor James Bowman Lindsay demonstrated a constant electric lamp at a public meeting in Dundee, Scotland. He said he could read a book at a distance of a foot and a half (45 centimeters). However, he did little to patent it or to further develop the gadget.

In 1840, Englishman William R. Grove inserted a platinum wire coil attached to two copper wires electrically charged within an inverted glass beaker placed in a container or bowl with distilled water. Grove said that the incandescent lamp emitted light "enough to read for hours."

In 1841, a British inventor named Frederick DeMoleyns patented a bulb using the same technique used in combination with platinum and coal burners, that became incandescent when an electric current was passing through them. In 1845, DeMoleyns improved his invention, to remove as much air as he could from the glass bulb, which helped to slow the rapid destruction of the metal filament.

In 1845, an American named J. W. Starr received a patent for a vacuum bulb in conjunction with a coal burner.

In 1859, electrical engineer and inventor Moses G. Farmer produced an incandescent platinum filament. At age 39, in that year, he was living in Salem, Massachusetts, and lit up the room of his house, at 11 Pearl Street, with incandescent lamps, this was the first house in the world lit by electric light; however, he and his wife were spiritualists and felt their talents were a gift from God, so they should not be credited to any of their own inventions, and did not continued their ideas to achieve commercial success. Farmer also co-invented a self-excitable dynamo and an electric generator.

Canadian inventor Henry Woodward and his partner, fellow Canadian Matthew Evans, patented a light bulb in 1874 in Canada, and later, in 1876 obtained U.S. Patent number 181.613 and, not having enough money to manufacture commercially the product, they sold the patent to Edison in five thousand dollars.

In 1877, American inventor William E. Sawyer built an apparatus and lighting system.

The English chemist and physicist Sir Joseph W. Swan presented in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, in 1878, a light bulb. He received a patent on November 27, 1880, which was the number 4933, after having improved the original design of the lamp. However, apparently none of Swan’s lamps proved practical for everyday use, one of the lamps used carbonized paper that quickly crumbled after a short time of use.

Thomas Alva Edison, hired in 1878 physicist and mathematician Francis R. Upton (1852-1921), from Princeton University, who also had gone to study in Germany with the "wise scientist" Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894), a German physician and physicist, who recommended Upton before Edison, because he felt that Upton had great theoretical capabilities and could be just the kind of genius that Edison was looking for. Edison had many ideas, but being self-taught, needed someone with advanced knowledge of mathematics to make calculations and research scientific literature to help solve very difficult problems. Upton was crucial to Thomas Alva Edison. They worked together on many key inventions such as the incandescent lamp, the watt-hour meter, the distribution of a parallel circuit and the generator of constant voltage.

Upton went to work with other employees to obtain an efficient light bulb. One of the results of testing the properties of materials was the realization that any filament selected should have high electrical resistance. This revelation meant that Edison's team needed to prove or test only high strength materials to find the one they wanted.

On October 22, 1879, some employees of Edison saw that a thin “carbonized” cotton thread lasted lit for about thirteen and a half hours, during an experiment. Longer times were achieved with improved air extraction from bulbs, creating a better vacuum within these. They were testing more charred organic materials, and the Japanese bamboo was the best. At the end of the 1880s, Edison’s carbonized bamboo burners lasted up to 600 hours.

Edison continued to improve designs, and on November 4, 1879 filed for a U.S. patent, which was granted on January 27, 1880 under number 223,898, for an electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled “and connected to platinum contact wires.

The previous paragraph shows that Edison lacked the faculty his opponent had, the inventor of the electric coil or Tesla coil 1891, mechanical engineer and electrical engineer Nikola Tesla (Smiljan, a city then belonging to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, today in Croatia, 1856-New York, 1943). Tesla was an ethnic Serb.

In 1882 Nikola Tesla moved to Paris, and in 1884, to New York.

In 1891, the great genius of physics and electricity, Nikola Tesla, invented the Tesla coil, which is an electrical resonant transformer, consisting of a series of coupled resonant circuits.

In 1892, he invented the alternating current motor (AC motor).

He was known for his many revolutionary inventions in the field of electromagnetism, developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Tesla's patents and theoretical work formed the basis of modern electric power by alternating current (AC), which proved to be superior to direct current (DC).

The stubborn Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) argued otherwise, saying that the direct current (DC) was superior or better than alternating current (AC).

Tesla was right.

The alternating current (AC) replaced the direct current (DC) in most instances of electricity generation and distribution, greatly expanding the range and improving the efficiency of electric energy distribution.

Edison used to built many prototypes of his inventions, Tesla instead had a faculty called "visual thinking"; he could visualize an invention in his mind with extreme precision, including all dimensions, before starting the construction phase. He did not use to draw diagrams or sketches, but he conceived all of his ideas and arrangements of parts of future devices only with his mind. He could even correct in his mind possible future failures of his inventions, before starting to make a prototype.

Murcia-born engineer Juan de la Cierva, who had to build about 120 prototypes until he got an excellent autogiro, like Edison, he had no "visual thinking".

4. Philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) and physicist and chemist Michael Faraday (1791-1867)?

They both were British, born in poor families and thanks to their intelligence and work managed to highlight in society.

John Locke, the father of empiricism and modern liberalism, who influenced Montesquieu, proposed that sovereignty emanates from the people [not from God],* that property, life, liberty and pursuit of happiness are men’s natural rights, prior to the formation of society. The State has as main purpose to protect those rights, and also the individual freedoms of citizens.

* Locke's books were included in the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, the List of Prohibited Books, by the Roman Catholic Church.

The revolutionary independence founding fathers of the Thirteen Colonies, subject to the British Crown (George III, of the House of Hanover, was the King), such as Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, "the father of the U.S. Constitution," lavishly took advantage of the books by Englishman Locke to write the Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776), and the U.S. Constitution.

Michael Faraday discovered benzene and electromagnetic induction, and formulated the laws of electrolysis that bear his name. Thanks to his research, there was a breakthrough in the development of electricity by establishing that magnetism produces electricity through movement.

5. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (1956- ), president of the Islamic Republic of Iran since 2005, and Anthony Bourdain (1956- ), a food writer, chef, traveller and bon vivant?

They both wear suit or jacket but no tie (Bourdain wear ties in exceptional cases), and they were born the same year.

6. Germany Fuehrer Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) and Mexican poet and essayist Octavio Paz (1914-1998)?

They often read only a few of the first pages of a book, a few of the middle pages, and a few of the last pages

Hitler used to do that when he was young, in order to impress his friends. He memorized a few phrases and data from a book, and seemed to have read the whole book. And in many cases, Octavio Paz acted similarly, regarding reading only, not to bragging. His daughter Helena Paz narrates it that way in her Memoirs –I have to make it clear the she does not mention Hitler, in this case–. The Nobel Prize laureate Octavio Paz used to read a few pages of a book, and while saying “Read!” to himself, then he placed it on a table or desk, and swiftly took another book to do the same, to go onto a quick and incomplete reading.

Now, we can suppose that Paz did read many books thoroughly. Perhaps he chose some books for reading them completely, and discriminated others, as “bad books”, and these ones were read partially only.

7. Heraclitus, Plotinus, Copernicus, René Descartes, Blaise Pascal, John Locke, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, Isaac Newton, Georg F. Handel, Voltaire, Immanuel Kant, Ludwig van Beethoven, Arthur Schopenhauer, Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich W. Nietzsche, and Nikola Tesla?

They never married. Schopenhauer was a misogynistic. Some of the others did not want a wife and children that could take away some of their valuable time and concentration to create philosophical doctrines, rediscover heliocentrism,* invent the differential and integral calculus, write books, compose symphonies, invent electricity appliances, et cetera.

* Aristarchus of Samos (310 B.C.-230 B.C.), a Greek astronomer and mathematician, was, to our knowledge, the first individual to speak and write about the heliocentric model for the Solar System, 18 centuries before the Polish astronomer Copernicus did the same.

8. Portuguese poet Luís Vaz de Camoens (1524-1580), Spanish Princess of Eboli and Duchess of Pastrana, Ana de Mendoza y de la Cerda (1540-1592) and English Admiral Horatio Nelson (1758-1805)?

All three were one-eyed. They could see with their left eye only.

Camoens lost his right eye in a fight in Africa, where he lived in poverty, "supported by his friends", until he was found by his friend Diogo do Couto, who paid for his return trip to Lisbon, where he lived poor and sick. The Portuguese King Sebastian I of Avis conceded him a modest pension, which was always delivered late.

The very rich Princess of Eboli, the only daughter of a powerful Castilian family, lost his right eye during a fencing training. She had conflicts with the religious, doctor of the Roman Catholic Church, mystic and writer Teresa de Cepeda y Ahumada, known as Teresa de Jesus, and also as Teresa de Avila, founder of the Discalced Carmelites. Ana de Mendoza entered a convent of that order, but she lived in a garden house, with her maidens, and had lockers to store clothes and jewels, also she had direct communication with the street and could go out at will.

English Admiral Horatio Nelson was shot in the face, in 1794, in Corsica, where he lost the sight in his right eye. On 07/25/1797, in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, a cannon shot hit him in the right elbow, which caused him to lose the lower half of the corresponding arm. He died in the last battle and triumph of his life, over the Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar (in the Atlantic, off the Spanish province of Cadiz), on 10/21/1805.

9. Former U.S. Secretary of State Doctor Henry Kissinger (1923- ) and former Mexican President Doctor Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1948- )?

They both, after leaving Office, have been writing books.

Indeed, Doctor Kissinger has written many books since he was a young. Following, there are mentioned but a few:

Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (1957).

The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy (1961).

The Troubled Partnership: A Re-Appraisal of the Atlantic Alliance (1965).

American Foreign Policy: Three essays (1969).

A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812-1822 (1973).

For the Record: Selected Statements 1977-1980 (1981).

Diplomacy (1994).

Does America Need a Foreign Policy? (2001).

On China (2011).

Doctor Salinas de Gortari has written: México: Un paso difícil a la modernidad (2000). Mexico: A Difficult Step to Modernity.

La Década Perdida, 1995-2006, Neoliberalismo y populismo en México (2008). The Lost Decade, 1995-2006, Neoliberalism and Populism in Mexico, and:

Democracia Republicana. Ni Estado ni mercado: una alternativa ciudadana (2010). Republican Democracy: Neither State nor Market: A Citizen Alternative.

10. American Jack Johnson, "The Galveston Giant" (Galveston, Texas, 03/31/1878-near Franklinton, North Carolina, 06/10/1946); Japanese Masao Ohba (Tokyo, 10/21/1949-ibidem, 01/25/1973), Argentinean Víctor Emilio Galíndez (Vedia, Buenos Aires Province, 11/02/1948-25 de Mayo, Buenos Aires Province, 10/25/1980), Mexican Salvador Sánchez-Narváez (01/26/1959-Federal Highway Querétaro-San Luis Potosí, 08/12/1982), Irish-American Billy Collins, Jr., (Nashville, Tennessee, 09/21/1961-Antioch, Tennessee, 03/06/1984), and Argentinean Carlos Monzón (San Javier, Río Negro Province, 08/07/1942-Los Cerrillos, Santa Rosa de Calchines, Santa Fe Province, 01/08/1995)?

All of the six were professional boxers and died in car accidents.

11. Hermes, Aphrodite, Gaia, Ares, Zeus, Cronus, Uranus, Poseidon, Hades, Helios and Selene?

They were Greek gods, and today…, nine planets, the Sun and the Moon would be called after them, should astronomers and tradition had chosen the Greek culture and not the Roman/Latin one for identification.

Notwithstanding, the Spanish scholar Elio Antonio de Nebrija (1441-1522) once said: "Language was always the companion of the Empire" (“Siempre fue la lengua compañera del imperio”) –referring specifically to the Spanish Empire, but his phrase could be extrapolated to any empire, and History tells us that the Romans or Latins were the conquerors of the Greeks, and not vice versa.

12. Colors violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red?

That these ones are the fundamental colors, and they form the visible spectrum to the human eye. The visible or solar spectrum is a tiny part of the very wide electromagnetic spectrum, and the seven colors are produced by the decomposition of white light, as demonstrated by Newton 300 years ago.

The wavelengths of visible light for the human eye range from 400 to 750 nanometers (nm), from violet to red, or from 4,000 to 7,500 angstroms (Å). Some sources indicate that this range goes from 390 to 700 nanometers (nm). Other sources indicate that this range goes from 380 to 740 nanometers (nm).

These seven colors are located between the invisible ultraviolet, with shorter wavelengths, and the invisible infrared, with longer wavelengths.

1 nanometer (nm) = 10 ^ -9 meters, id est: 0.000000001 m

1 angstrom (Å) = 10 ^ -10 meters, id est: 0.0000000001 m

A nanometer is one billionth of a meter:

10 ^ -9 m

A nanometer is one millionth of a millimeter:

10 ^ -6 mm

An angstrom is one ten-billionth of a meter:

10 ^ -10 m

An angstrom is one ten-millionth of a millimeter:

10 ^ -7 mm

The angstrom symbol: Å is obtained by pressing four keys: (ALT) 143, and in the Unicode System, firstly you need to type four characters: 00C5, that is, you type: “zero, zero, c, five” and then, with the cursor positioned immediately to the right of the fourth character (the “5”), you must press two keys: (ALT) X (press the “X” while holding down the ALT key).

The circumflex accent or caret, ^ is sometimes used in mathematics, computer programming, and in other areas or disciplines, to indicate raising to a power. In the present case, it is not used for grammatical purposes, but for a mathematical one, for example, if you state: 3.14159265 ^ 2, you are saying or asking to raise π (pi) squared; the result is 9.8696.

The circumflex accent or caret: ^ is obtained by pressing three keys (ALT) 94, and in the Unicode System, firstly you need to type four characters: 005E, that is, you write "zero zero five e", and with the cursor positioned immediately to the right of the fourth character (the “e”), press two keys: (ALT) X (press the "X" while holding down the ALT key).

People have been watching rainbows since the time of the cavemen.

In Genesis, IX, 12-17, we can read that God spoke to Noah, after the “universal” flood, about the installation of an arc (the rainbow) as a signal for perpetual generations: there would be no more floods.

Actually, the rainbows have existed for hundreds of millions of years, before the sharks * appeared in the seas.

* It is considered that the primitive sharks appeared in the Ordovician period (488-443 million years ago) of the Paleozoic era. They are survivors of the five mass extinctions, and are older than most animals, including all land animals, trees, and insects!

From an airplane, the rainbow can be seen as a complete circumference, but often the colors are faded; up there, a rainbow can be seen even as a circumference of white light.

In a rainbow, the arc with the larger diameter is red, and the arc with the smaller diameter is violet, but when there are two rainbows simultaneously, in the second rainbow, the colors are reversed: the larger diameter arc corresponds to violet, and the smaller diameter is red.

Also the moonlight (which is actually light from the Sun, reflected by Selene) can produce rainbows, but these are more strange, and rarely can be seen.

The rainbow, or iris, is an arc of (primordially seven) colors that sometimes forms in the clouds, when the Sun (or the Moon), behind the viewer, refracts and reflects its light in the rain. This phenomenon of decomposition of the white light can also be watched in the waterfalls, and in the fogs or mists of dew sunlit in certain positions. You can take your home hose, open the spigot, stand with your back to the Sun, and create an ad hoc spray, to produce your own “personal rainbow”.

“Conventional wisdom”, when followed the teachings of ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle* (384 B.C.-322 B.C.), argued that white light is the purest form of light, but some 300 years ago the English physicist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), placed a glass prism in the path of a sunbeam and demonstrated that sunlight decomposes in a spectrum,  projected on the wall very close to the place where Newton was stood. People were seeing rainbows for millennia, but considered them little more than “pretty aberrations”, or “attractive curiosities”.

Newton concluded that, really, these seven colors: violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red and the gradations between them, were the primary colors, id est, white light is not as “pure” as it looks. What seemed simple on the surface, a beam of white light was, if one looked carefully, beautifully complex.

* Often, Aristotle held erroneous knowledge. Aristotle argued, for example, that the eels were asexual and originated on earth, that man has five senses: hearing, touch, taste, smell, sight, although some scientists have proposed eight additional senses, and a number of scientists have accepted six. 1 nociception or nocioception or nociperception, 2 equilibrioception or sense of balance, 3  kinesthesia, 4 thermoception, 5 interoception, 6 proprioception, 7 magnetoception, 8 electroreception.

It is debated whether human beings have the last two or not.

Homing pigeons do possess magnetoception. The sense of magnetoception allows them to detect the Earth's magnetic field to perceive direction, altitude and location.

Also, the magnetotactic bacteria, the fruit fly, and some bats, possess this sense.

Regarding electroreception, some fish such as lampreys, sharks, including hammerheads, and rays (known in some countries as stingrays) possess it.

Also the strange mammal called platypus has it.

You can find some articles written about several of the “new” senses:

http://www.answers.com/topic/sense

Likewise, the Wikipedia in English mentions some of these, as individual items, articles, or entries.

Kindly go to www.google.com and please type in the search box, the word “Wikipedia” (without quotation marks) and the name of the (“old” or “new”) sense you want to look for; then press “Enter”, and voilà.

That being said, we have to mention the so-called sixth sense: intuition.* But physicians, neurologists and psychologist have not reached an agreement on it, yet. Who knows? In Italian: Chi lo sa?

*Intuition: “the power or faculty of attaining to direct knowledge or cognition without evident rational thought and inference”.

Nevertheless, we must be lenient with Aristotle, since he lived some 2366 years ago, and science was not then what it is today (truism).

The American rock singer-songwriter Alice Cooper (his real name is Vincent Furnier [Detroit, Michigan, 1948- ]) recorded in 1976 for the Warner Brothers Record Company a long-play record, titled Alice Cooper Goes to Hell.

The song number 5 from the B side of the vinyl record is called “I'm Always Chasing Rainbows”, composed circa 1917 by J. McCarthy and H. Carroll, and published in 1918 by Robbins Music Corporation Company.

In YouTube there are versions by Judy Garland (1922-1969), Alice Cooper, Barbra Streisand (1942- ), and other singers.

–

Please, excuse me for any spelling and grammar errors. Spanish is my mother tongue.

For a Spanish version of the above text, please click here.

By Alejandro Ochoa G.
Guadalajara, State of Jalisco, Mexico, on Monday, the 1st. day of April, 2013.
Gvadalaxara, Xaliscum, Mexicum, Lunae dies, I/IV/MMXIII.